Session

GORMは Session メソッドを提供しています。これは 新しいセッションを作成するメソッドであり、設定可能な新しいセッションを作成することができます。

// Session Configuration
type Session struct {
  DryRun                   bool
  PrepareStmt              bool
  NewDB                    bool
  Initialized              bool
  SkipHooks                bool
  SkipDefaultTransaction   bool
  DisableNestedTransaction bool
  AllowGlobalUpdate        bool
  FullSaveAssociations     bool
  QueryFields              bool
  Context                  context.Context
  Logger                   logger.Interface
  NowFunc                  func() time.Time
  CreateBatchSize          int
}

DryRun

実行はせずに SQL の生成のみ行います。 生成されたSQLを前もって準備またはテストする際に使用することができます。例：

// session mode
stmt := db.Session(&Session{DryRun: true}).First(&user, 1).Statement
stmt.SQL.String() //=> SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE `id` = $1 ORDER BY `id`
stmt.Vars         //=> []interface{}{1}

// globally mode with DryRun
db, err := gorm.Open(sqlite.Open("gorm.db"), &gorm.Config{DryRun: true})

// different databases generate different SQL
stmt := db.Find(&user, 1).Statement
stmt.SQL.String() //=> SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE `id` = $1 // PostgreSQL
stmt.SQL.String() //=> SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE `id` = ?  // MySQL
stmt.Vars         //=> []interface{}{1}

最終的なSQLを生成するには、次のコードを使用します。

// 注意: この方法で生成されるSQLは常に安全に実行できるとは限りません。
// SQLインジェクションを引き起こす可能性があるため、GORMではこれをログにのみ使用します。
db.Dialector.Explain(stmt.SQL.String(), stmt.Vars...)
// SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE `id` = 1

PrepareStmt

PreparedStmt は任意の SQL を実行する際にプリペアードステートメントを作成し、後の呼び出しを高速化するためにそれをキャッシュします。例：

// globally mode, all DB operations will create prepared statements and cache them
db, err := gorm.Open(sqlite.Open("gorm.db"), &gorm.Config{
  PrepareStmt: true,
})

// session mode
tx := db.Session(&Session{PrepareStmt: true})
tx.First(&user, 1)
tx.Find(&users)
tx.Model(&user).Update("Age", 18)

// returns prepared statements manager
stmtManger, ok := tx.ConnPool.(*PreparedStmtDB)

// close prepared statements for *current session*
stmtManger.Close()

// prepared SQL for *current session*
stmtManger.PreparedSQL // => []string{}

// prepared statements for current database connection pool (all sessions)
stmtManger.Stmts // map[string]*sql.Stmt

for sql, stmt := range stmtManger.Stmts {
  sql  // prepared SQL
  stmt // prepared statement
  stmt.Close() // close the prepared statement
}

NewDB

NewDBオプションを指定して、条件なしで新しいDBオブジェクトを作成します。例:

tx := db.Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").Session(&gorm.Session{NewDB: true})

tx.First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id LIMIT 1

tx.First(&user, "id = ?", 10)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 10 ORDER BY id

// Without option `NewDB`
tx2 := db.Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").Session(&gorm.Session{})
tx2.First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = "jinzhu" ORDER BY id

Initialized

Create a new initialized DB, which is not Method Chain/Goroutine Safe anymore, refer Method Chaining

tx := db.Session(&gorm.Session{Initialized: true})

Skip Hooks

If you want to skip Hooks methods, you can use the SkipHooks session mode, for example:

DB.Session(&gorm.Session{SkipHooks: true}).Create(&user)

DB.Session(&gorm.Session{SkipHooks: true}).Create(&users)

DB.Session(&gorm.Session{SkipHooks: true}).CreateInBatches(users, 100)

DB.Session(&gorm.Session{SkipHooks: true}).Find(&user)

DB.Session(&gorm.Session{SkipHooks: true}).Delete(&user)

DB.Session(&gorm.Session{SkipHooks: true}).Model(User{}).Where("age > ?", 18).Updates(&user)

DisableNestedTransaction

When using Transaction method inside a DB transaction, GORM will use SavePoint(savedPointName), RollbackTo(savedPointName) to give you the nested transaction support. You can disable it by using the DisableNestedTransaction option, for example:

db.Session(&gorm.Session{
  DisableNestedTransaction: true,
}).CreateInBatches(&users, 100)

AllowGlobalUpdate

GORM doesn’t allow global update/delete by default, will return ErrMissingWhereClause error. You can set this option to true to enable it, for example:

db.Session(&gorm.Session{
  AllowGlobalUpdate: true,
}).Model(&User{}).Update("name", "jinzhu")
// UPDATE users SET `name` = "jinzhu"

FullSaveAssociations

GORM will auto-save associations and its reference using Upsert when creating/updating a record. If you want to update associations’ data, you should use the FullSaveAssociations mode, for example:

db.Session(&gorm.Session{FullSaveAssociations: true}).Updates(&user)
// ...
// INSERT INTO "addresses" (address1) VALUES ("Billing Address - Address 1"), ("Shipping Address - Address 1") ON DUPLICATE KEY SET address1=VALUES(address1);
// INSERT INTO "users" (name,billing_address_id,shipping_address_id) VALUES ("jinzhu", 1, 2);
// INSERT INTO "emails" (user_id,email) VALUES (111, "jinzhu@example.com"), (111, "jinzhu-2@example.com") ON DUPLICATE KEY SET email=VALUES(email);
// ...

Context

With the Context option, you can set the Context for following SQL operations, for example:

timeoutCtx, _ := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second)
tx := db.Session(&Session{Context: timeoutCtx})

tx.First(&user) // query with context timeoutCtx
tx.Model(&user).Update("role", "admin") // update with context timeoutCtx

GORM also provides shortcut method WithContext, here is the definition:

func (db *DB) WithContext(ctx context.Context) *DB {
  return db.Session(&Session{Context: ctx})
}

Logger

Gorm allows customizing built-in logger with the Logger option, for example:

newLogger := logger.New(log.New(os.Stdout, "\r\n", log.LstdFlags),
              logger.Config{
                SlowThreshold: time.Second,
                LogLevel:      logger.Silent,
                Colorful:      false,
              })
db.Session(&Session{Logger: newLogger})

db.Session(&Session{Logger: logger.Default.LogMode(logger.Silent)})

Checkout Logger for more details.

NowFunc

NowFunc allows changing the function to get current time of GORM, for example:

db.Session(&Session{
  NowFunc: func() time.Time {
    return time.Now().Local()
  },
})

Debug

Debug is a shortcut method to change session’s Logger to debug mode, here is the definition:

func (db *DB) Debug() (tx *DB) {
  return db.Session(&Session{
    Logger:         db.Logger.LogMode(logger.Info),
  })
}

QueryFields

Select by fields

db.Session(&gorm.Session{QueryFields: true}).Find(&user)
// SELECT `users`.`name`, `users`.`age`, ... FROM `users` // with this option
// SELECT * FROM `users` // without this option

CreateBatchSize

Default batch size

users = [5000]User{{Name: "jinzhu", Pets: []Pet{pet1, pet2, pet3}}...}

db.Session(&gorm.Session{CreateBatchSize: 1000}).Create(&users)
// INSERT INTO users xxx (5 batches)
// INSERT INTO pets xxx (15 batches)