데이터베이스에 연결하기

GORM officially supports the databases MySQL, PostgreSQL, GaussDB, SQLite, SQL Server TiDB, and Oracle Database

MySQL

import (
  "gorm.io/driver/mysql"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

func main() {
  // refer https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql#dsn-data-source-name for details
  dsn := "user:pass@tcp(127.0.0.1:3306)/dbname?charset=utf8mb4&parseTime=True&loc=Local"
  db, err := gorm.Open(mysql.Open(dsn), &gorm.Config{})
}

주의할점: time.Time 을 정확하게 다루기 위하여 먼저 parseTime을 인자로서 포함해주세요. (더 많은 인자를 고려하기) UTF-8 인코딩을 완전히 지원하기 위하여 charset=utf8을 charset=utf8mb4 로 바꿔주세요. 해당 기사를 통해 더욱 자세한 사항을 확인할 수 있습니다.

MySQL 드라이버는 다음과 같이 생성시 사용될 수 있는 향상된 추가 설정을 지원합니다. 예시:

db, err := gorm.Open(mysql.New(mysql.Config{
  DSN: "gorm:gorm@tcp(127.0.0.1:3306)/gorm?charset=utf8&parseTime=True&loc=Local", // data source name
  DefaultStringSize: 256, // default size for string fields
  DisableDatetimePrecision: true, // disable datetime precision, which not supported before MySQL 5.6
  DontSupportRenameIndex: true, // drop & create when rename index, rename index not supported before MySQL 5.7, MariaDB
  DontSupportRenameColumn: true, // `change` when rename column, rename column not supported before MySQL 8, MariaDB
  SkipInitializeWithVersion: false, // auto configure based on currently MySQL version
}), &gorm.Config{})

Customize Driver

GORM은 드라이버 이름 옵션을 통해 MySQL 드라이버를 Customize하는 것을 지원합니다. 예시:

import (
  _ "example.com/my_mysql_driver"
  "gorm.io/driver/mysql"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

db, err := gorm.Open(mysql.New(mysql.Config{
  DriverName: "my_mysql_driver",
  DSN: "gorm:gorm@tcp(localhost:9910)/gorm?charset=utf8&parseTime=True&loc=Local", // data source name, refer https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql#dsn-data-source-name
}), &gorm.Config{})

Existing database connection

GORM은 *gorm.DB을 생성시 이미 존재하는 데이터베이스 connection을 바탕으로 생성이 가능합니다.

import (
  "database/sql"
  "gorm.io/driver/mysql"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

sqlDB, err := sql.Open("mysql", "mydb_dsn")
gormDB, err := gorm.Open(mysql.New(mysql.Config{
  Conn: sqlDB,
}), &gorm.Config{})

PostgreSQL

import (
  "gorm.io/driver/postgres"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

dsn := "host=localhost user=gorm password=gorm dbname=gorm port=9920 sslmode=disable TimeZone=Asia/Shanghai"
db, err := gorm.Open(postgres.Open(dsn), &gorm.Config{})

We are using pgx as postgres’s database/sql driver, it enables prepared statement cache by default, to disable it:

// https://github.com/go-gorm/postgres
db, err := gorm.Open(postgres.New(postgres.Config{
  DSN: "user=gorm password=gorm dbname=gorm port=9920 sslmode=disable TimeZone=Asia/Shanghai",
  PreferSimpleProtocol: true, // disables implicit prepared statement usage
}), &gorm.Config{})

Customize Driver

드라이버 이름 옵션을 통해 PostgreSQL 드라이버를 Customize하는 것을 지원합니다. 예시:

import (
  _ "github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/cloudsql-proxy/proxy/dialers/postgres"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

db, err := gorm.Open(postgres.New(postgres.Config{
  DriverName: "cloudsqlpostgres",
  DSN: "host=project:region:instance user=postgres dbname=postgres password=password sslmode=disable",
})

Existing database connection

GORM은 *gorm.DB를 생성시 이미 존재하는 데이터베이스 connection을 바탕으로 생성이 가능합니다.

import (
  "database/sql"
  "gorm.io/driver/postgres"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

sqlDB, err := sql.Open("pgx", "mydb_dsn")
gormDB, err := gorm.Open(postgres.New(postgres.Config{
  Conn: sqlDB,
}), &gorm.Config{})

GaussDB

import (
  "gorm.io/driver/gaussdb"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

dsn := "host=localhost user=gorm password=gorm dbname=gorm port=8000 sslmode=disable TimeZone=Asia/Shanghai"
db, err := gorm.Open(gaussdb.Open(dsn), &gorm.Config{})

We are using gaussdb-go as gaussdb’s database/sql driver, it enables prepared statement cache by default, to disable it:

// https://github.com/go-gorm/gaussdb
db, err := gorm.Open(gaussdb.New(gaussdb.Config{
  DSN: "user=gorm password=gorm dbname=gorm port=8000 sslmode=disable TimeZone=Asia/Shanghai",
  PreferSimpleProtocol: true, // disables implicit prepared statement usage
}), &gorm.Config{})

Customize Driver

GORM allows to customize the GaussDB driver with the DriverName option, for example:

import (
  _ "github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/cloudsql-proxy/proxy/dialers/gaussdb"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

db, err := gorm.Open(gaussdb.New(gaussdb.Config{
  DriverName: "cloudsqlgaussdb",
  DSN: "host=project:region:instance user=gaussdb dbname=gaussdb password=password sslmode=disable",
})

Existing database connection

GORM allows to initialize *gorm.DB with an existing database connection

import (
  "database/sql"
  "gorm.io/driver/gaussdb"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

sqlDB, err := sql.Open("gaussdbgo", "mydb_dsn")
gormDB, err := gorm.Open(gaussdb.New(gaussdb.Config{
  Conn: sqlDB,
}), &gorm.Config{})

Oracle Database

The GORM Driver for Oracle provides support for Oracle Database, enabling full compatibility with GORM’s ORM capabilities. It is built on top of the Go Driver for Oracle (Godror) and supports key features such as auto migrations, associations, transactions, and advanced querying.

Prerequisite: Install Instant Client

To use ODPI-C with Godror, you’ll need to install the Oracle Instant Client on your system. Follow the steps on this page to complete the installation.

After that, you can connect to the database using the dataSourceName, which specifies connection parameters (such as username and password) using a logfmt-encoded parameter list.

The way you specify the Instant Client directory differs by platform:

  • macOS and Windows: You can set the libDir parameter in the dataSourceName.
  • Linux: The libraries must be in the system library search path before your Go process starts, preferably configured with “ldconfig”. The libDir parameter does not work on Linux.

Example (macOS/Windows)

dataSourceName := `user="scott" password="tiger" 
                   connectString="dbhost:1521/orclpdb1"
                   libDir="/Path/to/your/instantclient_23_26"`

Example (Linux)

dataSourceName := `user="scott" password="tiger" 
                   connectString="dbhost:1521/orclpdb1"`

Getting Started

import (
  "github.com/oracle-samples/gorm-oracle/oracle"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

dataSourceName := `user="scott" password="tiger"
                   connectString="dbhost:1521/orclpdb1"`
db, err := gorm.Open(oracle.Open(dataSourceName), &gorm.Config{})

SQLite

import (
  "gorm.io/driver/sqlite" // Sqlite driver based on CGO
  // "github.com/glebarez/sqlite" // Pure go SQLite driver, checkout https://github.com/glebarez/sqlite for details
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

// github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3
db, err := gorm.Open(sqlite.Open("gorm.db"), &gorm.Config{})

NOTE: You can also use file::memory:?cache=shared instead of a path to a file. 이 경우 SQLite는 시스템의 메모리에 있는 임시적인 DataBase를 활용할 것 입니다. (SQLite docs를 참고하세요)

SQL Server

import (
  "gorm.io/driver/sqlserver"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

// github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb
dsn := "sqlserver://gorm:LoremIpsum86@localhost:9930?database=gorm"
db, err := gorm.Open(sqlserver.Open(dsn), &gorm.Config{})

TiDB

TiDB는 MySQL 프로토콜과 호환됩니다. MySQL파트와 동일한 방법으로 TiDB와의 연결을 설정할 수 있습니다.

TiDB사용시 몇 가지 참고할 점:

  • gorm:"primaryKey;default:auto_random()" 태그를 통해 TiDB의 AUTO_RANDOM기능을 사용할 수 있습니다.
  • TiDB는 v6.2.0버전부터 SAVEPOINT기능을 지원합니다, 사용하시는 TiDB 버전을 참고하시어 해당 기능을 사용해 주세요.
  • TiDB는 v6.6.0버전부터 FOREIGN KEY기능을 지원합니다, 사용하시는 TiDB버전을 참고하시어 해당 기능을 사용해주세요.
import (
  "fmt"
  "gorm.io/driver/mysql"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

type Product struct {
  ID    uint `gorm:"primaryKey;default:auto_random()"`
  Code  string
  Price uint
}

func main() {
  db, err := gorm.Open(mysql.Open("root:@tcp(127.0.0.1:4000)/test"), &gorm.Config{})
  if err != nil {
    panic("failed to connect database")
  }

  db.AutoMigrate(&Product{})

  insertProduct := &Product{Code: "D42", Price: 100}

  db.Create(insertProduct)
  fmt.Printf("insert ID: %d, Code: %s, Price: %d\n",
    insertProduct.ID, insertProduct.Code, insertProduct.Price)

  readProduct := &Product{}
  db.First(&readProduct, "code = ?", "D42") // find product with code D42

  fmt.Printf("read ID: %d, Code: %s, Price: %d\n",
    readProduct.ID, readProduct.Code, readProduct.Price)
}

Clickhouse

https://github.com/go-gorm/clickhouse

import (
  "gorm.io/driver/clickhouse"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

func main() {
  dsn := "tcp://localhost:9000?database=gorm&username=gorm&password=gorm&read_timeout=10&write_timeout=20"
  db, err := gorm.Open(clickhouse.Open(dsn), &gorm.Config{})

  // Auto Migrate
  db.AutoMigrate(&User{})
  // Set table options
  db.Set("gorm:table_options", "ENGINE=Distributed(cluster, default, hits)").AutoMigrate(&User{})

  // Insert
  db.Create(&user)

  // Select
  db.Find(&user, "id = ?", 10)

  // Batch Insert
  var users = []User{user1, user2, user3}
  db.Create(&users)
  // ...
}

커넥션 풀

GORM은 database/sql을 사용하여 커넥션 풀을 유지합니다.

sqlDB, err := db.DB()

// SetMaxIdleConns sets the maximum number of connections in the idle connection pool.
sqlDB.SetMaxIdleConns(10)

// SetMaxOpenConns sets the maximum number of open connections to the database.
sqlDB.SetMaxOpenConns(100)

// SetConnMaxLifetime sets the maximum amount of time a connection may be reused.
sqlDB.SetConnMaxLifetime(time.Hour)

Generic Interface를 참조하여 더욱 자세한 사항을 알아보세요.

지원되지 않는 데이터베이스

특정 데이터베이스는 mysql이나 postgres의 Sql문법과 호환될 수 있습니다. 어떤 경우라도, 해당 데이터 베이스 문법을 활용하여 Gorm을 사용할 수 있습니다.

데이터베이스 드라이버를 만드셨거나, 혹은 다른 이유라도 pull request는 환영입니다!

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